01 - Preheat oven to 350°F and line a 12-cup muffin tin with paper liners.
02 - Whisk together flour, sugar, baking soda, baking powder, salt, and pumpkin pie spice in a large bowl until evenly distributed.
03 - In a separate bowl, whisk together oil, eggs, pumpkin purée, milk, and vanilla extract until smooth and well blended.
04 - Pour wet ingredients into dry ingredients and fold together until just combined. Avoid overmixing to prevent tough muffins.
05 - Beat softened cream cheese and sugar in a medium bowl until smooth and creamy. Add egg yolk, heavy cream, cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, nutmeg, and vanilla. Continue beating until fully incorporated and silky.
06 - Scoop approximately 2 tablespoons of pumpkin batter into each lined muffin cup, filling about two-thirds full.
07 - Drop 1 tablespoon of chai cheesecake filling onto the center of each muffin. Use a toothpick to gently swirl the filling into the batter, creating a marbled effect.
08 - Bake for 20 to 22 minutes until a toothpick inserted into the pumpkin portion (avoiding the cheesecake center) comes out clean.
09 - Let muffins cool in the pan for 10 minutes before transferring to a wire rack to cool completely.